diff --git a/packages/stats/core/src/athena.ts b/packages/stats/core/src/athena.ts
index a2be44ebb..54037002f 100644
--- a/packages/stats/core/src/athena.ts
+++ b/packages/stats/core/src/athena.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export type AthenaData = Record<string, string>
 export class AthenaQueryError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<AthenaQueryError>()("AthenaQueryError", {
   message: Schema.String,
   queryExecutionId: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
-  cause: Schema.optional(Schema.Defect),
+  cause: Schema.optional(Schema.Defect()),
 }) {}
 
 export class AthenaQueryTimeoutError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<AthenaQueryTimeoutError>()(
diff --git a/packages/stats/core/src/database.ts b/packages/stats/core/src/database.ts
index d265f82bf..9edb717bc 100644
--- a/packages/stats/core/src/database.ts
+++ b/packages/stats/core/src/database.ts
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ export class DrizzleClient extends Context.Service<DrizzleClient, Drizzle>()("@o
 }
 
 export class DatabaseError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<DatabaseError>()("DatabaseError", {
-  cause: Schema.Defect,
+  cause: Schema.Defect(),
 }) {}
 
 export const catchDbError = Effect.mapError((cause) => DatabaseError.make({ cause }))
 
 export class MigrationError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<MigrationError>()("MigrationError", {
   message: Schema.String,
-  cause: Schema.optional(Schema.Defect),
+  cause: Schema.optional(Schema.Defect()),
 }) {}
 
 export const migrate = Effect.fn("Database.migrate")(function* () {